Discussion: Topic 2 Consider ecological and global issues, social determinants of health, principles of genetics, and genomics.

Topic 2 DQ 2
Assessment Description
Consider ecological and global issues, social determinants of health, principles of genetics, and genomics. Explain how translational research can be applied in these areas to address the burden of global disease.

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Application of Translational Research in Ecological and Global Issues, Social Determinants of Health, Genetics, and Genomics
Ecological and global issues, social determinants of health, genetics, and genomics are pertinent factors that determine the health of a population. Most of these issues have inadequately been addressed with resultant contributions to the global burden of disease. This is because most empirical evidence with potential benefits from scientific research studies on these subjects is rarely translated into practice. Translational research may offer effective and sustainable solutions to these issues by expediting the transition of scientific research findings to the real-world application by driving appropriate policy changes (Derchet et al., 2019). The translational research process involves the translation of research evidence through four phases to humans, clinical settings, practice, and finally to the population (Wichman et al., 2020). The endgame of this process is optimal improvement in the population’s health.
Ecological and global changes are an accelerating threat to health and humanity. The threats majorly stem from landscape and climate changes, pollution, resource extraction and pollution, extreme events, biodiversity loss, and invasive species and emergent pathogens (Rubert-Nason et al., 2021). Translational research can be applied to build socio-ecological resilience that mitigates the impact of these global threats by bringing theoretical mitigation and adaptation strategies into practice (Rubert-Nason et al., 2021). Translational ecology initiatives will require collaboration and inclusive engagement of all stakeholders to successfully bring about the necessary high-impact changes through open communication, resource mobilization, policymaking, and population education.
Social determinants of health result in health disparities attributed to inadequate access to healthcare, especially by the vulnerable population. Despite numerous scientific studies on this subject, notable health disparities still exist in the population. Translational research focusing on large-scale interventions to address various determinants such as race, ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status may be necessary (Breen et al., 2019). This wider approach will result in the implementation of targeted innovative and effective interventions that survey and reduce health disparities.
Genetics plays a pivotal role in disease causation for example in conditions such as cancers. Many studies on genetics have been carried out with the successful identification of risk genes. Application of the obtained scientific discoveries is, however, limited. Translational research will ensure the transition of this knowledge into clinical practice through measures such as the prediction of genetic risk, the development of prognostic markers, the development of prophylactic preventive measures, and the design of relevant tailored interventions (Zeggini et al., 2019). Genetic testing results in enhanced risk stratification, and reduced morbidity and mortality from genetic diseases due to early identification and appropriate management.

References
Breen, N., Berrigan, D., Jackson, J. S., Wong, D. W. S., Wood, F. B., Denny, J. C., Zhang, X., & Bourne, P. E. (2019). Translational Health Disparities Research in a data-rich world. Health Equity, 3(1), 588–600. https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2019.0042
Dechert, T. (2019). Translational research: Turning research into advocacy. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2019-000416
Rubert-Nason, K., Casper, A. M. A., Jurjonas, M., Mandeville, C., Potter, R., & Schwarz, K. (2021). Ecologist engagement in Translational Science is imperative for building resilience to global change threats. Rethinking Ecology, 6, 65–92. https://doi.org/10.3897/rethinkingecology.6.64103
Wichman, C., Smith, L. M., & Yu, F. (2020). A framework for clinical and translational research in the era of rigor and reproducibility. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.523
Zeggini, E., Gloyn, A. L., Barton, A. C., & Wain, L. V. (2019). Translational genomics and precision medicine: Moving from the lab to the clinic. Science (New York, N.Y.), 365(6460), 1409–1413. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax4588