Assignment: Population Health: Part I/DNP 825

Population Health
The promotion of optimum health outcomes for diverse populations is important in nursing and healthcare. Nurses utilizes their knowledge and skills in population health to identify and respond to the prioritized and potential needs of their populations. Health problems such as obesity pose a significant threat to population health. Its prevalence in different minorities differ significantly. For example, African Americans have the highest prevalence as compared to other ethnicities in America (CDC, 2022a). Therefore, this paper examines the health issue of obesity among African Americans, its social determinants, comparison of prevalence, and evidence-based interventions.

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High-Risk and Population-Based Health Condition
The selected high-risk problem is obesity among African American population. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), obesity is a crucial public health problem in America. Its prevalence rate between 2017 and 2020 was 41.9%. The rate represented an increase from 30.5% of 1999-2000. The prevalence of severe obesity also rose from 4.7% to 9.2% between 1999 and 2020 (CDC, 2022a). African Americans are most affected by obesity. For example, the data by the CDC shows that from 2015 to 2017, non-Hispanic black adults ranked the leading ethnicity with obesity prevalence of 38.4% followed by the Hispanic adults with a rate of 32.6% (Petersen, 2019). The obesity data for 2017-2020 shows that the prevalence rate of obesity in non-Hispanic black adults was 49.9% followed by Hispanic adults with a rate of 45.6% (CDC, 2022a). African Americans are considered a high-risk group for obesity because socioeconomic predisposition to risk factors for obesity. Most of them being low income earners, having low educational attainment, and sedentary lifestyles that increase their risk of becoming obese (Chooi et al., 2019; Siddharth & Sharma, 2018).
Comparison of Prevalence Rate
A comparison of adult obesity between Albany and Queens Counties in New York was performed. The overall observation in these counties showed the high prevalence of obesity as compared to that of New York state. For example, 31.4% of women are pre-pregnant and obese in Albany as compared to 26.6% of that of New York. The age-adjusted prevalence rate of obesity in Albany is 27.4% as compared to 27.9% seen in New York state. The potential risk factors identified in Albany contributing to obesity among adults include limited engagement in physical activity and dietary habits. Obesity is also a problem in Queens County, New York. The statistics show that the percentage of obese pre-pregnant women in Queens is 28.8% as compared to 27.6% of the New York state. The statistics also show that the prevalence rate of obesity among adults is 25.0% as compared to 27.9% seen in New York State. There is a low level of physical activity involvement among the adults in Queens. For example, 70.6% of adults engaged in physical activity in the last 30 days in Queens as compared to 76.4% in New York state. The percentage of adults that consumed less than one fruit or vegetable daily is also low 32.7% in Queens, hence, the high prevalence rate of obesity among adults. The analysis of ethnic data shows that African American adults have a high prevalence rate of obesity in both Queens and Albany counties in New York State (Health.ny.gov, 2022).
Social Determinants of Health
Social determinants of health contribute to disparities and health outcomes for African Americans with obesity. As noted in the comparison of statistics for Queens and Albany, one of the social determinants of health for this group is lifestyle behaviors. The statistics on the risk factors for obesity in Queens and Albany shows that dietary habits and engaging in active physical activity predispose African Americans to obesity. The low intake of healthy nutrition and limited engagement in physical activities during leisure time increases the risk of obesity, overweight, and their associated complications. The other social determinant of health is educational level. The rates of obesity among African Americans without high school education is high as compared to those with at least a high school certificate and above (Chooi et al., 2019). Educational level is a crucial determinant since a high rate of obesity is witnessed in individuals with low educational attainment.
The other social determinant of health is income status. Obesity prevalence is highest among low-income African American earners as compared to high income earners. The same is also evident in the unemployed, since unemployment is a crucial predictor of obesity among African Americans (Petersen, 2019). The prevalence of obesity in Albany is high as compared to that of Queens because of the difference in the population’s engagement in active physical activity during leisure and dietary habits in the two counties (Health.ny.gov, 2022). Therefore, targeted population interventions should be adopted to address obesity among African Americans not only in these counties but America in general.
Evidence-Based Interventions
Several evidence-based interventions have been proposed to address obesity among African Americans. One of them is the shape up and eat right program. Srivastava et al., (2018) conducted a pilot program to determine the effectiveness of shape up and eat right program in weight management among obese African Americans in an urban safety net hospital. The results showed minimal improvement obesity indicators. The participants adopted mildly the recommended interventions such as consuming sugar-sweetened beverages and soda, which rendered the intervention ineffective. The other evidence-based intervention is targeted programs that aim at transforming lifestyle and behavioral decisions related to obesity. Trude et al., (2018) implemented a multi-level, B’more Healthy Community for Kids program, which resulted in the increased healthy food purchasing and decreased percentage of calories consumed by African American youths. The other evidence-based interventions that have proven effective in reducing obesity rates among African Americans include community based exercise programs, health education, and use of technologies such as telehealth for self-management of obesity among this population (Graham et al., 2018; Newton et al., 2020; O’Neal et al., 2022).
Electronic or Online Consumer Health Information
African Americans can utilize consumer health information to raise their awareness level about obesity and adopt healthy lifestyles and behaviors. One of them is the online information that the CDC offers. The CDC offers crucial information about obesity to the public on its website. The information focuses on different aspects related to obesity such as risk factors, prevention, management, and the available community resources for the obese populations (CDC, 2022b). The population should be encouraged to utilize the platform to learn about best practices for obesity management and prevention.
Conclusion
The selected health issue of concern is obesity among African Americans. The issue is of concern in this population, as African Americans lead in the prevalence rate of obesity in America. Nurses should adopt evidence-based strategies to promote the health of those at risk and affected in this population. In addition, a focus should be on eliminating social determinants and barriers to healthcare for this population.
References
CDC. (2022a, July 20). Obesity is a Common, Serious, and Costly Disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
CDC. (2022b, September 27). CDC Overweight & Obesity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/index.html
Chooi, Y. C., Ding, C., & Magkos, F. (2019). The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism, 92, 6–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.09.005
Graham, L. F., Scott, L., Lopeyok, E., Douglas, H., Gubrium, A., & Buchanan, D. (2018). Outreach Strategies to Recruit Low-Income African American Men to Participate in Health Promotion Programs and Research: Lessons From the Men of Color Health Awareness (MOCHA) Project. American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(5), 1307–1316. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318768602
Health.ny.gov. (2022). CHIRS Dashboard. https://webbi1.health.ny.gov/SASStoredProcess/guest?_program=/EBI/PHIG/apps/chir_dashboard/chir_dashboard&p=ch&ctop=10
Newton, R. L., Johnson, W. D., Larrivee, S., Hendrick, C., Harris, M., Johannsen, N. M., Swift, D. L., Hsia, D. S., & Church, T. S. (2020). A Randomized Community-based Exercise Training Trial in African American Men: ARTIIS. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 52(2), 408–416. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002149
O’Neal, L. J., Perri, M. G., Befort, C., Janicke, D. M., Shankar, M. N., Bauman, V., Daniels, M. J., Dhara, K., & Ross, K. M. (2022). Differential impact of telehealth extended-care programs for weight-loss maintenance in African American versus white adults. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 45(4), 580–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-022-00291-9
Petersen, R. (2019). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Adult Obesity in the United States: CDC’s Tracking to Inform State and Local Action. Preventing Chronic Disease, 16. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd16.180579
Siddharth, S., & Sharma, D. (2018). Racial Disparity and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in African-American Women: A Multifaceted Affair between Obesity, Biology, and Socioeconomic Determinants. Cancers, 10(12), Article 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10120514
Srivastava, G., Palmer, K. D., Ireland, K. A., McCarthy, A. C., Donovan, K. E., Manders, A. J., McDougal, J., Lenders, C. M., & Apovian, C. M. (2018). Shape-Up and Eat Right Families Pilot Program: Feasibility of a Weight Management Shared Medical Appointment Model in African-Americans With Obesity at an Urban Academic Medical Center. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 6. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2018.00101
Trude, A. C. B., Surkan, P. J., Cheskin, L. J., & Gittelsohn, J. (2018). A multilevel, multicomponent childhood obesity prevention group-randomized controlled trial improves healthier food purchasing and reduces sweet-snack consumption among low-income African-American youth. Nutrition Journal, 17(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-018-0406-2

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Assessment Description
This assignment will be completed in two parts. The purpose of this two-part assignment is to identify an at-risk population, evaluate the disparities contributing to their health issue, and propose an intervention to improve health for that community.

General Requirements

A minimum of three scholarly or peer-reviewed research articles are required. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.
Doctoral learners are required to use APA style for their writing assignments. The APA Style Guide is located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.
Directions

The purpose of this assignment is to evaluate an at-risk population affected by a population-based health condition. You will use the topic you select here to complete Part II of this assignment.

Write a 750-1,000-word paper and include the following.

Refer to the topic Resource “Data and Statistics” for examples of population-based health conditions. Select a population-based health condition and a high-risk group affected by the population-based condition. An example of this would be looking at the prevalence rates of diseases (population-based health condition) in vaccinated children versus groups where parents may withhold vaccinations because of feared side effects (high-risk group).
Describe the high-risk group and population-based health condition you selected. Explain why this group is considered high-risk.
Compare the prevalence rate of the selected population-based health condition for this high-risk group between two similar areas (county to county, state to state, country to country). Refer to the topic Resources for assistance with your comparison.
Evaluate the social determinants that lead to disparities and health outcomes for your selected at-risk population and explain why they differ between your selected population and a population of comparison from a similar area.
Discuss what evidence-based interventions have been introduced to try and improve the health outcomes for this high-risk population and whether they have been effective.
Discuss current electronic or online consumer health information available for the population on the health issue (e.g., the topic Resource, “Find and Compare Nursing Homes, Hospitals and Other Providers Near You”).