DNP 801-Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Pain, Fatigue

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Symptoms such as pain, fatigue and changes in sleep patterns are reported daily to nurses. Translational research could be used to help nurses understand the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with these symptoms. Nurses will play a key role in educating patients about the risk of specific symptom clusters, based on an assessment of the genomic constitution of each individual, through a series of biomarkers, since nurses are educated to take care of the full patient, and are in a unique position to assess the selection and evaluation of specific interventions for the management of symptoms clusters. The results of scientific research conducted by nurses in the light of the basic sciences are essential for personalized care. These investigations contribute to the perception of the complex interactions and changes that occur in biological systems, which are closely related to the daily care provided to cancer patients.

Grand Canyon University American Psychological Association []

Style Guide for Writing

Introduction

Students of Grand Canyon University (GCU) are required to use the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) for preparing written assignments, except where otherwise noted. All students should have a personal copy of the APA Publication Manual, which is available through the GCU Bookstore or local bookstores. In the interest of providing resource material for student use, this guide to APA style and format has been developed and made available. It is based on the current 6th edition of the APA Manual. However, the guide only highlights aspects of APA style and format, and so it is recommended that students use the APA Manual as a resource when writing APA-style papers.

An APA template has been provided in the Student Success Center’s Writing Center for student download and use.

PLEASE NOTE:

The curriculum materials (Syllabus, Lectures/Readings, Resources, etc.) created and provided by GCU in the online or Web-enhanced modalities are prepared using an editorial format that relies on APA as a framework but that modifies some formatting criteria to better suit the nature and purpose of instructional materials. Students and faculty are advised that GCU course materials do not adhere strictly to APA format and should not be used as examples of correct APA format, or in place of the APA Manual, when preparing written work for class.

APA Format and Style

General

Academic writing, which is independent thought supported by reliable and relevant research, depends on the ability to integrate and cite the sources that have been consulted. Use APA style for all references, in-text citations, formatting, etc.

Write in first- and second-person sparingly, if ever. This means, avoid using I, we, and you; instead, use he, she, and they. Do not use contractions.

Paper Format

Use standard-sized paper of 5″ x 11″.
Margins should be 1″ all around (top, bottom, left, right).
Use Times New Roman 12-point
For emphasis, use italics (not quotation marks, bold, ).
Double-space.
Align the text flush left.

Organization

The basic organization of an APA-style paper includes the title page, abstract, body, and reference section, though students are encouraged to follow any specific directions given in their Overview assignment.

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Title Page

The title page includes four elements that should be centered in the middle of the page: title, author byline, institutional affiliation followed by the course prefix and number (e.g., Grand Canyon University: PSY 351), and date of submission. Please note that even though APA does not require the date on a title page, it is a requirement for GCU papers.

Being the first page, the title page is where to set up your page header, which includes the running head and the page number. The running head—an abbreviated title that is a maximum of 50 characters—should appear flush left in all uppercase letters in the header on all pages. Page numbers should be in the header, flush right.

To format your running head and page numbers in Microsoft Word, click ViewàHeader and Footer. In the header box that shows up, type Running head: ABBREVIATED TITLE HERE. On the Header/Footer dialog box that pops up, click Insert Page Number (last button on the left). Put the cursor between the running head and the page number, and click the tab button a few times until the running head is flush left and the page number is flush right.

Abstract

The abstract covers the main points of the paper and is not always required in a GCU writing assignment. Read the assignment instructions carefully to determine whether the assignment requires an abstract or not.

Abstract is page 2 of the
The word Abstract should be centered at the top of the
As per GCU policy, the abstract should not exceed 120
Do not indent the abstract

Body

The body will contain all of the author’s main points as well as detailed and documented support for those ideas.

The body begins on its own
The title of the paper should be centered at the top of the first page of the body, in initial
The introduction follows the title, but is not labeled.
Use headings to separate sections of the paper, but none of the sections should start their own The first level of heading is centered and bolded with each word of four letters or more capitalized (see template for an example). The second level of heading (subheading) is flush left and bolded, with each word of four letters or more capitalized. Note that not all papers will have headings or subheadings in them. APA dictates that you should avoid having only one subsection heading and subsection within a section. In other words, use at least two subheadings under a main heading, or do not use any at all. Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Pain, Fatigue

References

The references page will contain a list of all sources actually cited in the paper.

This should start its own
The word References, though not in italics, is centered at the top of the
Include all, any, and only sources that were actually cited in the
Arrange the sources in alphabetical order using the authors’ last

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