Discussion 2.1: BIO 526 Cellular Function and Disease
Discussion 2.1: BIO 526 Cellular Function and Disease
Introduction
A 41-year-old male presents to the emergency room complaining of frequent urination, increased hunger, “always being thirsty,†and fatigue. He is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Discussion Guidelines
Initial Post
In your initial post answer the following questions:
In explaining to him the physiological reason for his symptoms, what cellular functions do you think would help him understand his disease?
How might you explain his fatigue on a cellular level?
Response Post(s)
Reply to at least two classmates’ initial posts by Sunday.
Submission
Post your initial and follow up responses and review full grading criteria on the Discussion 2.1: Cellular Function and Disease page.
Week 2: Functional Organization of the Cell and Cellular Dysfunction
Welcome to Week 2! Hopefully, after Week 1, you recognize the clinical challenges that are associated with aging in humans. While various system dysfunctions were examined as a function of aging, we need to take a step back and review the functional organization of the cell and cellular dysfunction.
The course material for this week begins with coverage of the cell, with particular focus on the cell membrane and cell transport. Although you should study functions of the cell organelles and nucleus, the material this week is really about the cell membrane, membrane charge, and how things move across cell membranes. We will not cover the organization of cells into tissues. You must understand that for each organ system covered later in the course, pathophysiology typically results from altered cellular function, which then leads to organ system and organismal dysfunction. In this case, the presented material does not follow linearly with that in the textbook.
Secondarily, the material in Week 2 covers cellular adaptation, cell injury, and cell death. When cells are faced with a challenge, they first undergo cellular adaptation. The cells may enlarge or shrink, they may undergo excessive growth, or one cell type may be replaced with a normal, different type of cell. These processes may be reversible. If cells cannot adapt to some agent or causative factor, they may be injured (again, a potentially reversible process). For example, low oxygen levels, or hypoxia, is the greatest cause of cellular injury in humans. Finally, injured cells may undergo cell death or necrosis. Necrosis is different from apoptosis, which is programmed cell death. Overall, you should pay attention to the multiple types of cellular adaptation and the classification of the six types of necrosis.
Lesson 1: Cellular Structure and Function
A basic understanding of cell structure and function is required in this class. While you may have had this material in a lower-level Human Anatomy & Physiology class, additional coverage of it is necessary for pathophysiology. In particular, you will need to understand cell membranes and ion transport, as well as the driving forces for the movement of water and solutes across cell membranes.
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Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Cell Structure and FunctionDescribe how cellular structure/function relates to tissue, organ, organ system, and organism functionality
Cell Membranes and TransportUnderstand the driving forces for water and solute movement across cell membranes
Understand the structure and function of the cell membrane
Describe the basis for membrane potentials.
Discuss the mechanisms of membrane transport associated with diffusion, osmosis, endocytosis, and exocytosis and compare them with active transport mechanisms
Cell NucleusDescribe the cell nucleus as being the “control center†of the cell and state the functions of the cellular organelles
Before attempting to complete your learning activities for this week, review the following learning materials:
Learning Materials
Read the following in your Porth’s Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States textbook:
Chapter 2, “Cell and Tissue Characteristics†(pp. 14–29)
You should use the assigned textbook readings to supplement or clarify the presented materials or to expand your knowledge on this lesson’s topics.
Review the following presentation. Note: the video has no audio.
Physiological Levels Presentation
Download the PowerPoint version of Physiological Levels Alternative Version (PPT) if you require an accessible copy of the video.