Assignment: Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health
Assignment: Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health
The Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)
In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:
The factors that affect fertility (STDs).
Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.
Why prostatitis and infection happens. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.
A 65-year-old man presents to primary care center with a 5-day history of urinary dribbling, low back pain, peroneal pain, myalgias, and fevers with chills. He reports one episode of urinary incontinence this week. He denies any hematuria. Urinalysis with positive nitrites and trace bacteria. Patient has a history of a recent UTI. He also reports that his prostate has been enlarged and he had a recent transurethral surgery. Vital signs T 103.0 F, pulse 120, respirations 26.
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Concepts of Women and Men’s Health
Concepts of Women and Men’s Health
Sexually transmitted infections (STDs) are health problems seen in healthcare settings. Accurate diagnosis and management are important to prevent STD recurrence. Therefore, this paper analyzes a case study involving a 65-year-old male who has been diagnosed with a urinary tract infection. The paper focuses on topics, including the factors that affect fertility, reasons for the rise of inflammatory markers in STD/PID, and causes of prostatitis and infection.
The Factors that Affect Fertility (STDs)
STDs contribute to infertility. Untreated STDs usually ascend along the reproductive tract and cause tubal inflammation, scarring, and damage. These effects cause changes that impair the implantation of the ovum in the female reproductive system. Recurrent STDs also contribute to infertility. This is attributable to the increased risk of pelvic-peritoneal adhesions that develop and affect fertilization and implantation of the ovum. Statistics show that between 10% and 15% of women infected with gonorrhea or chlamydia develop infertility. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) develops when bacteria that cause STDs ascend from the cervix to the endometrium and the fallopian tubes. PID is associated with infertility in about 15% of women affected by it. Some sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydia also cause blockage of the fallopian tube. The blockage impedes fertilization, hence, infertility. Similarly, gonorrhea can cause epididymis in men, which obstruct sperm flow. Untreated STDs damage the ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes. The damage impairs fertility in most patients (Pai et al., 2020). STDs can co-exist with other infections such as HIV/AIDs. HIV/AIDs is associated with effects such as immunosuppression, which can lower fertility rates among patients. Therefore, STDs play a role in the development of infertility.
The patient in the assigned case study has recurrent UTI. UTIs have not direct association with infertility. However, recurrent UTI has been associated with an increased risk of PID. As noted above, PID contributes to infertility in about 15% of the cases. PID causes scarring and inflammation of the reproductive organs, including the endometrium. In addition, chronic inflammation can result in fallopian tube blockage, hence, infertility. Males are also at a risk of infertility due to recurrent UTI. Bacteria causing the UTI can ascend to other male reproductive organs such as the tests and prostate gland to cause prostatitis and lower sperm quality and quantity (Pai et al., 2020). Consequently, the patient in the case study can easily develop infertility.
Why Inflammatory Markers Rise in STD/PTD
Inflammatory markers rise in STD and PID. STDs and PID cause significant peritoneal irritation. The irritation stimulates the release of inflammatory markers such as CA-125 and cytokines. The above discussion revealed that bacteria involved in STDs and PID cause changes, including endometriosis. Endometriosis is associated with leakage of endometriotic cysts that stimulate inflammatory reactions in the peritoneum and reproductive tract. The reaction stimulates an elevated release of inflammatory markers. An infection by bacteria that causes STDs and PID also stimulates immune responses characterized by the release of inflammatory cells. The release body releases inflammatory cells in a bid to clear the disease-causing microorganism from the host’s body (Blair et al., 2023; Greydanus et al., 2022). In most cases, the release of the inflammatory cells aims at protecting the host rather than increasing the risk of further infections or complication development.
Why Prostatitis and Infection Happen
The patient in the case study can develop prostatitis and infection. Bacteria that cause UTI can lead to the development of urethritis in men. If left untreated, the bacteria can ascend to the prostate gland. The bacterial infection of the prostate gland stimulates the inflammatory process, which causes prostatitis. Delayed treatment can cause infection. Co-existing conditions such as Herpes simplex virus can also ascend to the prostate gland to cause significant irritation and the development of prostatitis (Stamatiou et al., 2021). Entry of the disease-causing bacteria into the bloodstream can result in bacteremia and involvement of other organs.
Conclusion
In summary, STDs and UTIs increase the risk of infertility among the affected patients. The infections cause inflammation, scarring, and blockage, which affect fertilization. Inflammatory markers rise in PID and STDs due to the body’s response to the infections. UTIs can lead to prostatitis and infection.
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References
Blair, C. S., Fulcher, J. A., Cho, G. D., Gorbach, P. M., Shoptaw, S., & Clark, J. L. (2023). Brief Report: Impact of Methamphetamine Use and Rectal STIs on Systemic and Rectal Mucosal Inflammation. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 92(4), 281. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000003143
Greydanus, D. E., Cabral, M. D., & Patel, D. R. (2022). Pelvic inflammatory disease in the adolescent and young adult: An update. Disease-a-Month, 68(3), 101287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2021.101287
Pai, M. O., Venkatesh, S., & Gupta, P. (2020). The role of infections in infertility: A review. International Journal of Academic Medicine, 6(3), 189. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJAM.IJAM_44_19
Stamatiou, K., Samara, E., & Perletti, G. (2021). Sexuality, Sexual Orientation and Chronic Prostatitis. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 47(3), 281–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2020.1871142