Discussion 1: PUB-655 Topic 5 In what ways have global health initiatives had positive and negative impacts on medicine access? Does this affect global health security? Why or why not?

Topic 5 DQ 1
Assessment Description
Availability, affordability, and safe and effective use are the main challenges to improving pharmaceutical access. In what ways have global health initiatives had positive and negative impacts on medicine access? Does this affect global health security? Why or why not?

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Impact of Global Health Initiatives on Pharmaceutical Access
Inequalities in pharmaceutical access are a longstanding challenge, especially for low-income countries. Inadequate access to medicine is associated with detrimental effects such as illness prolongation, resultant avoidable disabilities, preventable mortalities, and immense suffering among individuals with ill health (Tiguman et al., 2020). Pharmaceutical access is dependent on five factors namely; availability, accessibility, acceptability, affordability, and quality (Tiguman et al., 2020). Global health initiatives have been put in place to try and improve access to medicines for the vulnerable population, especially in middle and low-income countries that are eligible for aid. This also relieves these countries and individual patients from catastrophic financial burdens spent on essential medicines, which is a major contributor to universal quality health care.
Global health initiatives have been fundamental in reducing healthcare and pharmaceutical access disparities and improving healthcare delivery systems. Access to medicines has been enhanced through the mobilization of resources to fund the control of infectious diseases. Individuals with tuberculosis in aid-eligible low-income countries, for example, receive treatment free of charge. Infectious diseases pose a threat to global health security thus these initiatives provide global solutions to potentially global issues (Chen et al., 2020). The initiatives also have downsides in that they do not address other factors that impede access to medicines such as in-country lack of adequately trained healthcare providers, weak healthcare delivery systems, and politically volatile environments (Kettler et al., ). There is also shifting medical product needs attributed to the epidemiological transition of disease burdens in aid-eligible low-income countries from infectious to noncommunicable diseases thus a need for new strategies in addressing pharmaceutical access (Kettler et al., 2020). The focus of global health initiatives on low-income countries has not considered the poor population in middle and high-income countries.
The impact of global health initiatives on pharmaceutical access has implications for global health security. Breaches in global health security result from large-scale trans-border outbreaks of infectious diseases that present immense public health threats (Wenham et al., 2019). The focus of global health initiatives on infectious diseases thus minimizes risks to potential public health crises. Addressing such threats at individual and national levels prevent progression to collective and global level issues.

References
Chen, X., Li, H., Lucero-Prisno, D. E., Abdullah, A. S., Huang, J., Laurence, C., Liang, X., Ma, Z., Mao, Z., Ren, R., Wu, S., Wang, N., Wang, P., Wang, T., Yan, H., & Zou, Y. (2020). What is global health? key concepts and clarification of misperceptions. Global Health Research and Policy, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-020-00142-7
Kettler, H., Lehtimaki, S., & Schwalbe, N. (2020). Accelerating access to medicines in a Changing World. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 98(9), 641–643. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.19.249664
Tiguman, G. M., Silva, M. T., & Galvão, T. F. (2020). Consumption and lack of access to medicines and associated factors in the Brazilian amazon: A cross-sectional study, 2019. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.586559
Wenham, C., Katz, R., Birungi, C., Boden, L., Eccleston-Turner, M., Gostin, L., Guinto, R., Hellowell, M., Onarheim, K. H., Hutton, J., Kapilashrami, A., Mendenhall, E., Phelan, A., Tichenor, M., & Sridhar, D. (2019). Global Health Security and Universal Health Coverage: From a marriage of convenience to a strategic, effective partnership. BMJ Global Health, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001145