NURS 6501 Week 1 Discussion: ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES
NURS 6501 Week 1 Discussion: ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES
ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES
At its core, pathology is the study of disease. Diseases occur for many reasons. But some, such as cystic fibrosis and Parkinson’s Disease, occur because of alterations that prevent cells from functioning normally.
Understanding of signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For the Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN), this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.
For this Discussion, you examine a case study and explain the disease that is suggested. You examine the symptoms reported and explain the cells that are involved and potential alterations and impacts.
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RESOURCES
Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.
WEEKLY RESOURCES
To prepare:
By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific scenario for this Discussion. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.
BY DAY 3 OF WEEK 1
Post an explanation of the disease highlighted in the scenario you were provided. Include the following in your explanation:
The role genetics plays in the disease.
Why the patient is presenting with the specific symptoms described.
The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred.
The cells that are involved in this process.
How another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) would change your response.
Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.
BY DAY 6 OF WEEK 1
Respond to at least two of your colleagues on 2 different days and respectfully agree or disagree with your colleague’s assessment and explain your reasoning. In your explanation, include why their explanations make physiological sense or why they do not.
Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your peers’ posting. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!
AFFI
Affi Kimberg- Main Post
Several changes happening inside the cell in reaction to environmental stressors cause changes in how the cell responds. The target cell picks up signals that signaling molecules send. The normal reaction of the target cell is to end the line. But disease changes the way cells respond, which leads to changes that aren’t normal in the way they normally respond. These modifications are frequently the result of disease and manifest as signs and symptoms. This essay looks at the case of a 16-year-old boy who goes to the clinic with a sore throat that won’t go away for three days and other symptoms. He does, however, have severe allergic responses after being given 500 mg of amoxicillin. As a result, this assignment looks at genetics, the way certain symptoms show up, and the effect of age.
Role of genetics.
People, especially kids, often have sore throats that come back. A Streptococcus group A bacterium is responsible for it, and genes are frequently involved. Sore throats that come back often are linked to genetic differences in the HLA area (Chauhan et al., 2016). Basically, these specific changes to the gene can be seen during genetic tests and have to do with how the immune system fights off pathogens. Because of this, the person is more likely to get a sore throat after the genetic changes that cause differences. It’s important to note that the immune system and genetic factors can make antibody reactions against Spe A bacteria do not work well enough (Chauhan et al., 2016). This makes it harder to recognize the Streptococcus group A bacteria factor.
Why does the patient present with these specific symptoms?
Changing the way cells normally respond in the body leads to the appearance of signs and symptoms of illness. For example, when Streptococcus group A bacteria get into the body, they make the throat swell and secrete pus. It also turns red. Because of this, symptoms are linked to Streptococcus pyogenes fibronectin-binding proteins living in the pharynx (Soderholm, Barnett, Sweet, & Walker, 2018). On the other hand, allergic reactions to the antibiotic were what caused the symptoms that patients experienced after taking the first 500 mg capsule of amoxicillin. Antibiotics can cause severe sickness and vomiting, dizziness, swollen lips and faces, fast heart rates, shortness of breath, wheezing, and even shock in some people.
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Physiological response and cells involved in the process.
The patient’s body is reacting by showing a swollen back of the throat and white discharge from tonsils that are 3+ in size. It is also seen that there is positive anterior and posterior neck adenopathy. It was found that the patient had Streptococcus group A bacteria on the quick strep test. Physiological reactions are made up of adaptive and innate responses that work together to fight off the infection. Cellular mediators produce it along with chemokines, antimicrobial peptides (AMOs), eicosanoids, proinflammatory cytokines, and other substances that initiate and maintain host reactions. Epithelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells are some of these cells.
How age factors would change the response.
Age influences the risk of contracting diseases. In other words, some illnesses affect young people more than they affect old people. Children ages 5 to 15 are more likely to have sore throats than other age groups. Campbell et al. (2018) say that people have a 5–10% chance of getting a sore throat infection, even if they already have a strong immune system. So, the age of the person should be considered when safely prescribed medicine for a sore throat to avoid side effects and allergies.
References
Campbell, P. T., Frost, H., Smeesters, P. R., Kado, J., Good, M. F., Batzloff, M., … & Steer, A. (2018) Investigation of group A Streptococcus immune response in an endemic setting, with a particular focus on J8. Vaccine, 36(50), 7618-7624.
Chauhan, S., Kashyap, N., Kanga, A., Thakur, K., Sood, A., & Chandel, L. (2016). Genetic diversity among group A streptococcus isolated from the throats of healthy and symptomatic children. Journal of tropical pediatrics, 62(2), 152-157.
Soderholm, A. T., Barnett, T. C., Sweet, M. J., & Walker, M. J. (2018). Group A streptococcus pharyngitis: Immune responses involved in bacterial clearance and GAS-associated immunopathology. Journal of leukocyte biology, 103(2), 193-213.
RAMNIK
Malabsorption Syndrome
Case Study and Definition of the Disease
A patient aged 83, with a history of malabsorption syndrome, is unable to eat because they lack dentures and presented to the emergency department with generalized edema of extremities and abdomen. The patient has protein malnutrition as her diagnosis. Malabsorption syndrome, as shown by the patient, is a disorder that hinders the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. Malabsorption syndrome may result from factors such as infection, medicine, small intestinal surgery, and conditions including celiac disease (Montoro-Huguet et al., 2021). Indigestion and poor food absorption may lead to malnutrition, such as protein deficiency in the patient.
The Role Genetics Play in the Disease
Elderly individuals have a decreased ability to adapt and regenerate, resulting in increased susceptibility to malnutrition and eventual illness (Norman et al., 2021). Malabsorption syndrome may be caused by variables such as nutrition, gastrointestinal disorders, and medicine. Genetic factors do not play a role in the patient’s malabsorption in this circumstance. The patient has a history of eating challenges stemming from the absence of dentures, resulting in protein deficiency. Su et al. (2020) assert that older individuals with dentures have an increased risk of malnutrition due to poor chewing and difficulty in breaking down food effectively, leading to impoverished nutritious intake. Considering the patient’s advanced age, eating habits, and absence of dentures, it is clear that dietary variables rather than inherited ones cause their condition.
Causes of the Symptoms
Based on the scenario, the patient presents generalized edema in the limbs and abdominal regions. Edema is the swelling of the tissue, accompanied by the deposition of excess fluid, which results in visible external swellings. The patient’s symptoms presumably are a result of hypoalbuminemia, an illness caused by low levels of the protein albumin in the serum, which is produced by the patient’s liver. Albumin is essential for regulating oncotic pressure, which helps retain fluids inside blood arteries (Soeters et al., 2019). The patient’s history of malabsorption syndrome has led to an inability to absorb protein, causing protein malnutrition and low albumin levels. Alterations in albumin levels may potentially allow the fluid in patients to seep into the patient’s surrounding intestinal areas, resulting in edema.
Physiologic Response to the Stimulus Presented
The case study shows a physiological reaction characterized by the development of edema. Decreased albumin levels lead to reduced oncotic pressure, causing fluid to escape into intestinal gaps and resulting in edema, which is characterized by swelling in the limbs and belly. Old age is characterized by poor chewing and the inability to break down food properly as a result of poor dentures, which leads to inadequate nutrient intake in the elderly (Moynihan & Varghese, 2021).
Cell Involved
Various cells are involved in malabsorption. Endothelial cells located in the microvilli of the small intestine create a monolayer that covers all blood vessels and controls the transfer of nutrients. Hepatocytes are important for lipid and protein metabolism (McCance & Huether, 2019). More protein results in a lack of amino acids for albumin synthesis in cells. Epithelial cells play a role in digesting food, absorbing nutrients, and maintaining intestinal balance.
Another Characteristic that Would Change my response
Another factor that might influence my approach besides the patient’s elderly age is their race. If an African American had the listed symptoms, my reaction would include their genetic differences, cultural practices, socioeconomic issues, and healthcare inequities. Considering that there are certain dietary and health customs forbidden in their culture. For instance, certain traditional diets might lack key minerals, which may lead to malnutrition or malabsorption. As my religion, I eat a specific diet, and most of the time, it is hard for me to incorporate a high-protein diet into my daily schedule.
References
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
Montoro-Huguet, M. A., Belloc, B., & Domínguez-Cajal, M. (2021). Small and Large Intestine (I): Malabsorption of Nutrients. Nutrients, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041254Links to an external site.
Moynihan, P., & Varghese, R. (2021). Impact of Wearing Dentures on Dietary Intake, Nutritional Status, and Eating: A Systematic Review. JDR Clinical & Translational Research, 238008442110266. https://doi.org/10.1177/23800844211026608Links to an external site.
Norman, K., Hab, U., & Pirlich, M. (2021). Malnutrition in Older Adults—Recent Advances and Remaining Challenges. Nutrients, 13(8), 2764. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082764Links to an external site.
Soeters, P. B., Wolfe, R. R., & Shenkin, A. (2019). Hypoalbuminemia: Pathogenesis and clinical significance. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 43(2), 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1451Links to an external site.
Su, Y., Yuki, M., Hirayama, K., Sato, M., & Han, T. (2020). Denture Wearing and Malnutrition Risk Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Nutrients, 12(1), 151. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010151