NSG 526-School bullying is affecting children globally DQ

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Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research Designs Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research Designs Program Transcript NARRATOR: Not all nursing research involves collecting quantitative data and numerical values. Qualitative and mixed methods research studies also provide valuable insights into health care-related issues and questions. In this video, Dr. Kristen Mauk justifies the value of qualitative and mixed methods research within the nursing field, and provides an overview of a qualitative study she conducted for her doctoral dissertation. Please note that this research study is separate from the material presented in other videos in this course about Dr. Mauk’s DNP project. KRISTEN MAUK: When you’re looking at your levels of evidence, I think that qualitative gets a bad rap because it falls way low on the evidence scale. But I think you get very rich data from qualitative.

You get that rich information and data that you don’t get just from looking at numbers. Now, numbers don’t lie. And so it’s great to have statistics and to know that whatever you’re choosing to do for your project has all of this great backing to it. But you’re not going to get the substance, and the richness, and the underlying feelings of participants unless you look at the qualitative piece, too. I think it’s great to have some quantitative data and also qualitative, too. A lot of students will use a post-project survey to get that qualitative piece. Ask their participants about satisfaction with the project, what would they suggest, that’s all nice qualitative rich data that can improve your research later. And also, shed light on things that you might not have known if you just hand them a survey and look at numbers. So I think there’s a place for both and we should use both in our projects.

Deciding whether you’re going to do quantitative or qualitative depends on your question. And that’s why whether you’re doing EBP or original research, your question drives your method. That’s the main takeaway point. © 2013 Laureate Education, Inc. 1 Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research Designs For my PhD, I developed a grounded theory for post-stroke recovery. There was tons on what caregivers thought and the physical problems the doctors see in stroke patients. There is tons of literature on that. But there wasn’t something from the stroke survivor’s perspective themself about, how did they go through this journey? And how did they feel? And so that was something about there was little known about it. So my method was qualitative. And because I wanted to look at the process– process is grounded theory.

So I could come up with a framework and a model that nurses can look at to say, here’s the process that survivors, themselves, said they go through. So here’s a couple good examples of the pitfalls of qualitative research. I asked for volunteers and I went to an assisted living, and there were several people who signed up to be a volunteer. And one of the women had had a– well, they all had strokes. And one of the women who let me interview her, I went to their homes. And so we were in her little assisted living apartment and her husband was there with her. School bullying is affecting children globally DQ

And so I started my open-ended questions. And I said, so tell me about what happened to you from the time you had your stroke till now. And she said, I don’t remember. And then her husband had to pipe in and said her major problem after her stroke was memory loss. So every question I asked was, I don’t remember. I don’t remember. So that was one example. Another example is things like equipment failure. So I always take backup batteries, backup video, backup audio. But sometimes you’ll get to someone’s house and none of the outlets work. Or you realize that your batteries that you grabbed aren’t working, and you run out of batteries because it was an extra long interview.

So just little things like that are pitfalls of actually working with people, in their home, trying to do your own equipment and things like that. I interviewed people until data saturation was reached, which is– that’s kind of a qualitative term for since we can’t do power analysis of how many people do we need to interview before we keep hearing the same thing. We call it data saturation. So once you start hearing the participants say the same thing over and over and over, then you know that you’ve reached that point of you’re not © 2013 Laureate Education, Inc. 2 Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research Designs hearing anything new. And that’s the point that determines your n, or number of subjects.

So that’s different from quantitative where you could do a power analysis and say, how many variables do I have? And the more variables I have, probably the more participants I need to show that my study is valid and reliable. Because you want to make sure that you’re not looking at 100 variables and only two subjects. We can’t generalize from that. Well, for qualitative research, it’s all about trustworthiness. Trustworthiness is like the big umbrella for qualitative research. So when we talk about that, we’re talking about things like looking at how the qualitative researcher assured you that you can trust her or his results. And for me and any qualitative researcher, it’s things like audit trails, and using journaling, and keeping track of everything. Keeping really good records, writing everything down. How did you do your interviews? And describing them and giving examples of questions. And then, did you go back and talk to your participants to see if what you concluded in fact was right? Did you use focus groups? Just talking about how you came up with your question, how you investigated your question, and why should the reader believe you? So basically, I founded in my PhD research that there were six phases that stroke survivors go through, from agonizing to owning.

And they are buffered by different factors such as, did they expect to have a stroke? How old were they? How severe was the stroke? And that determined how fast they went through this process. But that everybody who has a stroke kind of goes through these different phases of adjusting to it, adapting to life, blending their new and old life, finding out why they have the stroke. And eventually, if they do positively adapt and get to owning their stroke, that they have developed a new life. And they’ve just learned to live with whatever deficits that they had. But to me that was a real eye-opener because as nurses we don’t get to keep them in the hospital very long. When I first started in nursing, we would have stroke patients as long as we needed to have them. I mean, it could be months.

Now you might get them 10 days in rehab. That’s not enough to teach them everything they’re going to need to adjust to life– not being able to use this arm, or move this leg, or speak. So we don’t do our teaching, probably when we should be doing it, which is later after © 2013 Laureate Education, Inc. 3 Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research Designs they’ve had a chance to see, oh, wow, this isn’t going away. I guess I need some help and need to figure out how to live like this now. So that was a big eyeopener to me, but very interesting. © 2013 Laureate Education, Inc.

COLLEAGUE #2 DISCUSSION POST

DISCUSSION POST BY MARIE

School bullying is affecting children globally and has been a significant focus of research in several countries (Patton et al., 2015). However, in the United States, there were several school shootings before bullying behavior in schools received considerable attention from school officials, policymakers, and researchers.

The article I reviewed was A Systematic Review of Research Strategies Used in Qualitative Studies on School Bullying and Victimization. The study used data collected from electronic databases to search for empirical studies that used qualitative research methodologypublished between 2004 and 2014 (Patton et al., 2015). Many of the research on school bullying found have used quantitative research methods. However, researchers have discovered that parents and teachers conceptualized bullying differently than children (Patton et al., 2015). School bullying is affecting children globally DQ

The type of qualitative research used in this study was Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). This type of research utilizes the participants themselves as experts in the

phenomenon being analyzed, is inductive with no pre-existing hypothesis (Rawat, 2016). IPA is phenomenological in that it explores an individual’s account of an event and allows them to elaborate on and explain their experiences in their own words (Polit & Beck, 2017).

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One ethical issue to consider is biased. To prevent bias, researchers must set aside prior theories and assumptions to allow the data to speak for itself (Patton et al., 2015). During the study, researchers focused on the experiences of everyone involved which included the bully perpetrators, victims, and bystanders. It is also vital to remain objective to prevent additional bias caused by the perception and emotions of the researcher.

Many sensitive issues may compromise the privacy and anonymity of respondents. Some participants reported that their race, religion, physical appearance, disability, and sexual orientation that could increase vulnerable to victimization (Patton et al., 2015). Researchers conducted one-on-one, semi-structured interviews which allowed researchers to be flexible and probe in areas suggested by participants’ responses (Patton et al., 2015). This type of discussion also allowed the interviewer to acquire information that the interviewer did not know to ask for nor did they have prior knowledge.

If a quantitative design had been used, the result of the study would not have provided an understanding and a deeper insight into children’s perspectives of bullying behaviors or identify the differences between the children and the adults’ definitions of bullying. Qualitativestudies can complement current quantitative studies by addressing gaps in knowledge that link the bullying experience with race, class, gender, childhood, and school (Patton et al., 2015).

I believe the IPA study was the best choice for the researchers in this study to use as it allowed participants to express their thoughts, feelings, experiencesand it provided opportunities for participants to voice the long-term impact of bullying. However, the use of qualitative and quantitative studies together can expand and enhance the validity of research findings (Polit & Beck, 2017). School bullying is affecting children globally DQ